The Creation Essay Sample free essay sample

The account of inventive action started with the depiction of the Earth as a kind of chilling infertile appearing as though an abysm secured by murkiness ( Gen 1:1 ) . The main thing that God did was to fix everything for grown-up male. The program was to take consideration of grown-up male straight controlling their lives like the physical relationship of a parent and child. The end was to populate in cherishing individual relationship and immutable family with God: God as the Father and grown-up male as the child. At the point when noticeable radiation was made it was isolated from obscurity. The sky. the land. also, the ocean were isolated to pass on greenery and each kind of works that bears seed and each kind of natural product tree that proves to be fruitful with its seed on it. A wide range of life creatures were made under the standard of grown-up male. This reflects request in a universe that logical control can explain only in the features of advancement and terminal technique of the beat yet neer regarding the start and request of things as we find in world. They would good be able to explain propagation. life. what's more, the advantageous relationship of the environment yet non the start of their beginnings. For the imaginative movement of things mirrors a Creator whose capablenesss and mind is more than grown-up male numerically making level of effectiveness inside the connecting components of innovative action which was made only to be adequate bounty to keep and draw out life. We should perceive that there neer was the reason to partition grown-up male from grown-up male in footings of need or riches. On the off chance that we look to the request for innovative action it tends to be felt according to religion that everything was made to supplement one another and that implies even with the growth of supplement we can be in incredible adequacy under Divine Providence. Man was made after the Divine picture intended to hold rule over all inventive action underneath mankind. The request for approval was just intended to be Divine Creator to Man set over other inventive exercises. So except if a race considers other to be of ethnicity as degree to the enliven creatures with the goal that race begins to know separated. Disparity is neer a state of value or justness however the example of quelling quicken creatures and the comparable. In the first place grown-up male was made equivalent yet in the class of life grown-up male has made standards of cultural separation that has bolstered need. flawed opportunity and approval. God in his sheer goodness openly made grown-up male to partition his ain fortunate life. God in any clasp and unending ever pull himself close to grown-up male. This eventually alludes to the main affirmation in the Apostles Creed â€Å"I have confidence in God. the Father Almighty. the Godhead of Eden and earth† which is cardinal in religion ( ECCCE 1994 ) . The Credo starts with the Father and the inventive action on the grounds that imaginative movement is the start and the establishment of all God’s plants. At the point when it discusses grown-up male and of the universe it does as such corresponding to God as one in nature. substance and piece that is seen and surreptitiously. The universe started when God’s word coaxed it out of void as the age by which the universe was comprised and started. By the idea of its inventive movement. everything was invested with its ain stableness. truth and greatness. its ain request and Torahs as every creature have its ain impossible to miss goodness and faultlessness. Man should in this way regard the impossible to miss integrity of each creature for every one of the plants of the six yearss it was said that God saw that it was acceptable. This reveals to us just one thing that at whatever point grown-up male makes any sort of irritated with which request has been made by way of Divine imaginative movement. it carries scorn to the unbounded knowledge and decency of the Creator. Furthermore, this demonstration of scorn neer neglects to pass on dark impacts for human presences and the earth. The incalculable diversenesss and disparities found among creatures imply that no creature is ever constructed sense of self adequate and that innovative movement made each creature related. As we found that social diversenesss have in any way supplement different people’s diversenesss. we as a whole are made to draw out each other’s assorted varieties to propel harmony and fellowship among work powers. Man hasn’t to the full acknowledged that the request and amicability of the made universe outcomes from the assorted variety of presences and the connections that exist between them. Man as made in the picture of God implies that grown-up male is the solitary creature willed by God to parcel his insight and life which can be viewed as the cardinal ground to mind and regard man’s sense of pride. God in his inventive action has orchestrated everything by step. figure and weight yet approached grown-up male altogether for an individual relationship. God rises above imaginative action by which through him and in him we live. move and have our being. The Creator at consistently by way of Divine Providence maintains and supports man’s being in his excursion to perfection that is yet to be achieved where God has foreordained it. This would plan that cloning anything is an immediate scorn to the built up mutualist life beat that has developed in cut and that in a clump of ways is an extraordinary mediation to the Divine program by which we definitely know the fiasco that anticipates it. Never ever demonstrate the integrity of the Creator since it was from this decency that we developed with life. Positively man’s trepidation of his start follows his situation of the essentialness of innovative movement and individual. The main grown-up male was made out of dirt from the land and enlivened by the breath of life. The main grown-up female was made out of the rib of grown-up male to be man’s fit mate. There was nil in the holy book. perusing from screen to cover sing same sex marriages. Confidence in inventive action is reasonable where ground can non enter nor give a history of how any being appeared. it grown-up male hunts in religion grown-up male finds the answer grown-up male looks for. Creation accounts tell how grown-up male communicated inner self comparable to his condition ( Brodd 2003 ) . The breath of life and the expire that closes life apparently depicts man’s dependance to the Godhead: God gives God takes. On the seventh twenty-four hours of imaginative action. God refreshed and favored the twenty-four hours doing it sacred. This implies God permits grown-up male to work for the full six yearss yet certainly needs grown-up male to pass clasp to advance that caring individual relationship with him. At the point when innovative exercises are judged and deciphered by universes without the powerful guidance of the Creator. it decently comes up short since finding according to religion will give full significance to the account that was passed on an d saved for coevalss. Resting advances encountering and communing with God with vacancy that just he can make full. Divine Providence makes up the expense of life. creating individual connections through powerful Communion makes up life. God is neer modifying and when we cooperative notification that the guidelines of the bygone eras despite everything are winning of the cutting edge universe. The development of religion continues as before. We accept what we do non see ( Fosdick 2005 ) . Creation carries religion to its full centrality by the functional application on an outlandish status as existent perceived start of life. Confidence is close to home thus it follows that inventive action perusing and its hugeness gets individual to grown-up male blending to the means of his religion. Creation is the limitation to the thoroughness of being ( Aertsen 1988 ) from the way that we as a whole are mutualist to one another and to the full reliant on Divine Providence. This is the thing that the account of inventive action presents to us: a trepidation of our area and being. an anxiety of our commonality with each other. furthermore, our dependance with our Godhead. Notices Aertsen. J. A. ( 1988 ) .Nature and creature: Thomas Aquina’s way of idea.Nederlands: Brill Brodd. J. ( 2003 ) .Worl religions: a sea excursion of find.Winona. Manganese: Saint Mary’s Press. Fosdick. H. E. ( 2005 ) .The hugeness of religion.New york: Cosimo Inc. Gen 1:1 Vatican ( 1994 ) .Catechism of the Catholic Church.Manila: ECCCE

Cases in global marketing strategies Essay

On the off chance that you consider yourself a film aficionado, at that point 21 August, 2009 was every day you will consistently need to recall. Film darlings and any individual who love going to films were insubordinately in a surge that day to be in any close IMAX Theater. In excess of a hundred IMAX 3-D films everywhere throughout the world observed only 16 minutes see of the recording from the new James Cameron film the Avatar. Just around the same time, Ubisoft appeared a see on a computer game dependent on the film, and Mattel disclosed activity toys dependent on the film characters. Then again, a day sooner, the mystery made for this film broke records on Apple.com, this was after the secret was gushed in excess of multiple times during the main day. On that day August 21, it was a festival for all film darlings and film creations and for that it was an occasion and till now it is recognized as â€Å"Avatar Day.† Today it is recognized as the beginning of the most arranged and effective computerized showcasing effort at any point made to help a film (Evan, 2011). In this film James Cameroon and his group went as far as possible and without a doubt they merited what the film gave them consequently. For Avatar to stand apart over the remainder of the motion pictures as it did, there are a ton of methodologies and plans which were placed moving for this to occur. The following are a portion of the subtleties of key parts of how the showcasing effort of the film turned out to be such a triumph, in some I will outline with a character and animal inside â€Å"Avatar.† The Home tree: Avatar’s Website The clearness and visual flawlessness of the home tree on Pandora depicts what has been developed on the motion pictures official site. On the sites guests have beyond what they can jump on a standard trailer, this is by pictures and all foundation materials. In the site, you will discover 14 side looking over square boxes that will show a great deal of computerized items that make this film not quite the same as the rest. On this the fans have the capacity of getting to the story, character data, music, and picture downloads. Furthermore, to make the site all the more intriguing the fans can likewise have the option to share their perspectives and exhibit their own advantages on the film. In the film pretty much when people pulverized the home tree for riches and quest for individual premiums, the motion pictures site landing page had its own pulverizations in mid-August when the film fans squashed the site during the time spent attempting to get free tickets for â€Å"Avatar Day.à ¢â‚¬  The Banshee: The AIR Interactive Trailer The motion pictures intuitive trailer precedes different past film trailers, and this is all a direct result of reconciliation of web based life feeds, and eleven purposes of communication that gives watchers the open door for a single tick access to each character. This implies the fans can pick the characters they need to see in a trailer and by this they open extra substance. The formation of this trailer was made conceivable by the utilization of adobe AIR programming, which makes an adaptable stage for engineers. The result of this accomplishment is that the fans get the chance to appreciate all the more energizing experience more than ever, which a greater amount of less equivalent to the one is offered in Banshee skipping in the film. The review is a movement and as often as possible revived portal to the film, which gives off an impression of being genuine and catch the second it starts. The other bit of leeway is that the see accompanies three choices to buy tickets. The Tree of Souls: Social Media: In the film the character Na’vi accepts that in the tree of spirits, which a resting place for the spirits of progenitors, was the fundamental connection of what associated them to each other. Through this thought, there is an association with internet based life that is constantly associated with our past in one manner or the other. Online life being probably the quickest approaches to ignore data around all the world, film producers needed to utilize the preferred position when advertising Avatar. The motion pictures staggeringly got the consideration it required on social locales for instance it got about 1.5 million fans on Facebook alone, in Myspace the fans were around 800,000 and on twitter I increased around 26,000 devotees. As indicated by one of Americas online networking systematic firm, they said that Avatar was the most discussed film in the year 2010 in twitter. Nonetheless, a few tweets came about to tweet and listen advancement that necessary the fans to send m essages by means of twitter and subsequent to doing that then they will have the option to tune in to music utilized in the film as soundtracks. The internet based life system Avatar utilized likewise reached out to YouTube that increased more than 12 million perspectives, on gleam it got 1.5million individuals seeing the photographs and a sort cushion blogging network of around 5000 individuals. Glory be Mountains: Augmented Reality In the film, the gravity contradicting Hallelujah Mountains has all the earmarks of being moving the capacity to hear or see, which is additionally what had been made more prominent and reality pushes to do by postponing a fascinating encounter that glides before the viewer’s eyes. The making of â€Å"Avatar† toys which could be actuated and enlivened through the assistance of webcams and uncommon item labels. While on the opposite side Coke zero presented soft drink jars that opened up a universe of Pandora. The conclusive outcome is that â€Å"Avatar† is so far the greatest film at any point made in the movies everything being equal. This film sold over $2 billion in tickets deals which was generally affected by 3-D expenses and universal interests. Through â€Å"Avatar† James Cameron got one of the best film producers ever having two of the top-earning film beating on the movies simultaneously. The inquiry stays to be what lead to the achievement of thi s film? The essential target of any advertising system in the film business is to ensure that the fans get the item you are showcasing. While simultaneously gets to theaters to watch the films that they need to pay about $10 to $15 and need to watch the film for a few hours. After the battle made by the promoters, a huge number of individuals all went out to theaters just to appreciate the film and 3-D glasses, and the fans additionally got the opportunity to breath life into an expression from the film which was utilized by Na’vi: Oel ngati kameie meaning â€Å"I see you.† This is the procedures where the enhancements in the film made it special when contrasted with different movies. Notwithstanding, they are not simply the main strategies James Cameron used to make â€Å"Avatar† an achievement in the advanced film time. The presentation of 3-D camera and stimulcam were not simply the technology’s that turned James Cameron’s science fiction novel and a triumph. Numerous other little motion pictures have likewise gone to online life to get the message out guerrilla-style, yet so far no other blockbuster film has gone to web based life promoting like Avatar did. In the wake of utilizing this technique to showcase its film, the outcomes they got from the principal opening end of the week Avatar made $232 million and positioned the film on #2 most elevated earning film all things considered. Cameron’s $500million demonstration of hubris at last exposed natural products. Rehashing the Movie Trailer Online Realizing that Avatar was never the primary film to make a trailer in an alternate way on the web. At that point it implies that it was never the first to evaluate the majority of this things required for web based publicizing. In any case, utilizing a costly methodology, and simultaneously consolidate it with a few existing thoughts was what made this movie’s web based life crusade pull out all the stops. First and foremost it began with thoughts which numerous motion pictures use now: a see debut from Apple, which was reported on twitter and the uneasiness was excessively high from the fans to such a degree, that the servers needed to get the trailer out to the individuals who needed it. A short time later, about a month later the film discharged the subsequent trailer, this turned into a triumph since numerous fans were excitedly standing by to see the trailer for an entire month and with that the fans made their own blend trailers which included Avatar and different motion pictures. Be that as it may, in the wake of making the second see they didn't stop there and they went forward and made the third trailer and incredibly the see was the best they had accomplished up until now, and to an expand it overwhelmed everybody past their desire. An intuitive review was presented utilizing Adobe Air programming and in this way in expected one to download that is somewhat boisterous, however to all Avatar fans the download was justified, despite all the trouble. The download had uncommon highlights, for example, included fight, and the fans could peruse all refreshed online life reports on the film from the trailer. This move was the greatest move that Avatar had taken sinc e it got press inclusion and buzz (Dave, 2011). The Facebook and MTV Webcast On 3 December, Facebook united with MTV.com and were supported by LG webcast known as â€Å"Avatar Live.† A meeting was made to get word from the extraordinary personalities behind the creation and accomplishment of the film and this were individuals like James Cameron the Director, the makers Jon Landau, the Actors Zoe Saldana and Sam Washington. In this meeting, the fans likewise got the chance to ask them any inquiries they needed to about the film. Despite the fact that the meeting can be said to have been short and brief, it is as yet viewed as one of the stunning webcast to have been seen exceptional (Mitchell_A_Zucker) . This is on the grounds that it isn't generally that easy to see large Hollywood names all sitting at a similar spot responding to inquiries from their fans all simultaneously. Despite the fact that having the network come to connect with an executive of such gauge is a once in a blue moon opportunity, it caused us to recollect of chief Peter Jacksonâ₠¬â„¢s day by day refreshes from the well known arrangement of The Lord of the Rings. What was knowledgeable about the two cases is the way that individuals who didn't think a lot about the motion pictures additionally showed up for the deal and become familiar with the film while then again the fans likewise appeared in enormous numbers to likewise become more acquainted with all what they didn't know yet a

Psychedelic Drugs

Why People Take Hallucinogens/Psychedelic Drugs Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print Why People Take Hallucinogens By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 30, 2019 Tara Moore/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that can cause hallucinations or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. For centuries, hallucinogens or psychedelics, have been used by people in many cultures for religious rituals, by artists to spark creativity, or for recreation.?? The reasons people try hallucinogens are varied, but for most, they alter perception, thoughts, and feelings. Though most are not addicting, some may be, and there may be some risks and benefits involved with hallucinogenic use. Common Uses Hallucinogenic and dissociative drugs are used for a variety of reasons. Five common uses are highlighted below. Recreational Use Hallucinogenic and dissociative drugs are used for social and recreational use.?? People may use hallucinogens to deal with stress or to try to achieve an enlightened state of mind. Some may take hallucinogenic drugs simply to escape lifes troubles or to relieve boredom. Spiritual Pursuits Hallucinogens are sometimes used in spiritual pursuits to produce mystical visions or simply to induce a detachment from reality in order to be closer to mythical beings. Historically, hallucinogens  were used in shamanic practices of indigenous cultures and is even incorporated in religions such as that of the Native American Church.?? Artistic Inspiration Writers, poets, and artists have used hallucinogens and other drugs through the decades to find creative inspiration.?? Therapeutic Uses People who have mental or emotional issues might try hallucinogens simply to alter their state of mind. In fact, hallucinogens have been investigated as a form of therapy for some.?? Although not approved for such use at this time, some hallucinogenic drugs have been scientifically tested to see if they might have therapeutic effects in mood, substance use, and anxiety disorders. 6 Types of Hallucinogens and How They Work Scientific Research According to research published in 2017, anecdotal reports and small studies have suggested that ayahuasca may be a potential treatment for substance use disorders and other mental health issues, but no large-scale research has verified its efficacy.?? How They Work Research suggests that hallucinogens work, at least partially, by temporarily disrupting communication between chemical systems throughout the brain and spinal cord.?? Some hallucinogens interfere with the action of the brain chemical serotonin. Serotonin can affect mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, and muscle control.   Other hallucinogens interfere with the action of the brain chemical glutamate. Commonly Used Drugs Hallucinogens can be found in some plants and mushrooms or can be human-made. LSD, psilocybin, peyote (mescaline), DMT, khat, and ayahuasca cause emotions to swing wildly and real-world sensations to appear unreal, sometimes frightening.?? Hallucinogens in the subcategory of dissociative drugs include phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, dextromethorphan, and Salvia. How Psychedelic or Hallucinogenic Drugs Work Effects and Risks Hallucinations or experiences while under the influence of hallucinogens are commonly referred to as trips. Trips can begin within 20 to 90 minutes of ingesting a hallucinogen and last for about six to 12 hours. For Salvia, trips can happen in less than a minute and last less than 30 minutes.?? Unpleasant experiences while under the influence are commonly referred to as bad trips. Tripping may seem enticing to some, but it can potentially put the drug user in a dangerous situation, psychologically or perhaps physically. Hallucinogens, by definition, can cause people who use them to have extreme distortions of their perception of reality. They may have experiences that look, feel, and seem very real, but in fact, are only in their mind. In completely escaping reality, they can make misjudgments that can affect their safety, like walking off a curb into traffic. In extreme cases, the person may partake in dangerous behaviors like jumping off a cliff because they think they can fly.?? Little is known about the long-term effects of hallucinogens. Researchers do know that recreational ketamine users may develop symptoms that include ulcers in the bladder, kidney problems, and poor memory.?? Repeated use of PCP can result in long-term effects that may continue for a year or more after use stops, such as  speech problems, memory loss, weight loss, anxiety or depression, and suicidal thoughts. Overdose with PCP can lead to seizures, coma, or death especially when mixed with other drugs.?? Other potential long-term effects after long-term use can include psychosis, flashbacks, and perceptual problems. The Different Effects of the Types of Psychedelic Drugs

Jean Booker T. Washington. B. Dubois - 1358 Words

Chloe Thompson Ms. Webster English III H 5B 5 May 2015 W.E.B DuBois One of the late 19th century and early 20th century’s most prominent black empowerment leaders was W.E.B DuBois. In research it is clear that DuBois was not subtle to one job or career choice. As a civil rights activist, educator, sociologist, historian, writer, editor, scholar, and poet, DuBois contributed to changing American society today. DuBois is mostly remember for his work with the NAACP and his notorious feud with civil rights activist Booker T. Washington. Having a strong stand in what he believed in, his main goal was to improve the lives of African Americans. On February 23, 1868, William Edward Burghardt DuBois was born to Alfred Alexander DuBois and Mary Sylvina Burghardt-DuBois. Born and raised in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, DuBois was educated alongside Caucasian children and taught by white teachers as well. In 1885 he migrated to Nashville, Tennessee to attend Fisk University (â€Å"W.E.B DuBois.†). While at Fisk, DuBois encountered irrational racism and Jim Crow laws for the first time. According to Derrick Alridge, DuBois focused â€Å"†¦ on philosophy, history, and poverty. It was at this point that he began to form his idea of the ‘talented tenth’—a cadre of college-educated blacks that would break down the institutional structures of American racism while elevating their race to a pinnacle of respect in the world community† (Alridge). After graduating from Fisk in 1888, DuBois was acceptedShow MoreRelated The Influence of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois on the Writings from the Harlem Renaissance2140 Words   |  9 PagesThe Influence of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois on the Writings from the Harlem Renaissance Two of the most influential people in shaping the social and political agenda of African Americans were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois, both early twentieth century writers. While many of their goals were the same, the two men approached the problems facing African Americans in very different ways. This page is designed to show how these two distinct thinkers and writers shaped one movementRead More Zora Neale Hurston - Celebrating the Culture of Black Americans2152 Words   |  9 PagesBaltimore, Washington, DC and New York. Hurston earned a high school diploma at Morgan Academy in Baltimore, Maryland. After Morgan, Hurston went on to receive her associates degree from Howard University, the institution she proudly called â€Å"the capstone of Negro education in the world† (Witcover 42). â€Å"Zora funded her education at Howard University by working as a maid and manicurist. Zora’s work as a maid for wealthy Black families in the city and as a manicurist in a Washington D.C. provedRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By James Weldon Johnson Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesargument W. E. B. Du Bois discovered when Booker T. Washington seemingly accepted and settled a lower level of education for African-Americans enrolled at the educational facility founded by Washington. The institution, Tuskegee Institute, was established to train African-Americans in basic agricultural and mechanical skills. DuBois was insulted by the gesture and immediately put together a rebuttal aimed at Washington’s insulting actions titled, Souls of Black Folk. Often times, W. E. B. Du Bois usedRead More The Questionable Morals and Values of the United States Essay2452 Words   |  10 Pagesthe moral of the Indians. â€Å"We do not want to live like the white man... The great spirit gave us hunting grounds, gave us buffalo, the elk, the deer, and the antelope. Our fathers have taught us to hunt and live on the plains, and we are cont ented† (Jeans 507). It was especially hard to change their nomadic way of life. The Indians were less technologically advanced than the white settlers. 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Countee Cullen introduced him to Alain Locke, a professor at Howard University in Washington, D.C. Locke invited Langston to become his protà ©gà ©. Hughes realized that an association with Locke might be useful to his career as a writer, but he sensed that Locke wanted to direct and control him, just as his father had tried to do. Langston

Recidivism Is The Act Of A Criminal Reoffending After...

According to four major national research organizations there are several ways of interpreting recidivism. Ultimately recidivism is the act of a criminal reoffending after being released from prison. Over the years there have been several studies conducted in order to define recidivism and interpret it in the United States. The four major national research organizations that conducted the studies consist of The Pew Center on the States, The Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Sentencing Commission, and The National Institute of Justice. All four of these organizations interpret recidivism in different ways. In addition, according to Blake (2008) recidivism has been around for many years, for example In the Outlook of August, 1908, Harry Hall, treasurer of the Berkshire Industrial Farm, tells of a boy of twelve who had been convicted six times of what would be considered serious offenses in the case of an adult, the first conviction having been when he was only seven years old. He speaks of a lad who, on being sentenced to state prison, said to the judge: I want to say that when I first went to the House of Refuge I was a good boy; when I came out I was a burglar. Unless we miss our guess this boy still had in him the soul of a militant reformer, who was not afraid to speak out for the public good. (Blake, 2008) Therefore, due to the consequences of recidivism many issues arise that affect the community and law enforcement. One of most recent studies conducted was The PewShow MoreRelatedDoes Incarceration Affect Recidivism?1433 Words   |  6 PagesDoes Incarceration Affect Recidivism? The United States is the world’s leader in incarceration with 2.2 million people currently in the nation’s prisons or jails. Incarceration is a widely argued topic with many understood viewpoints, and it directly deals with three main important correctional topics which are deterrence, rehabilitation, and recidivism. The definition of incarceration is the state of being confined in prison. Not only does incarceration affect people directly by taking away theirRead MoreThe Endless Cycle Of Recidivism993 Words   |  4 PagesThe Endless Cycle of Recidivism Recidivism is such a significant problem here in New Mexico. Many tend to throw it off and label it â€Å"just† a prison problem. But in all reality and factuality it’s a whole lot more than that; it’s a societal problem that affects our whole community, it affects our state as a whole. Recidivism is the act of reoffending or falling back into criminal behavior after one has been incarcerated and released. Recidivism tends to more common, than uncommon here in New MexicoRead MoreIt Is Often Stated That Prison Does Not Work Because of the High Recidivism Rates. Why Do You Think the Prison Population Has Increased so Much in the Last Ten Years?1740 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Recidivism- Recidivism is a term, applied in the Criminal Justice System for criminals who despite having been punished for a crime go on to repeat it, only to be returned to a custodial sentence. It is for this particular reason that the penal system need to decide whether the system i s effective in doing its job, or reforms are needed to improve the way it conducts itself. What causes Recidivism? Recidivism is caused by criminals who have been through the courts and prison system andRead MoreRehabilitation Programs Should Be Abolished1669 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world. There are over 2 million prisoners throughout the United States, and approximately 750,000 of them will be released within the year. With the current methods in place in the prison system, most offenders will likely fall back into the same way of life that originally landed them in jail. In fact, roughly two-thirds of prisoners being released today will end up back in prison within the next three years (Petersilia). This not only affects the families and lives of those serving behind barsRead MoreFactors That Lead To Recidivism1353 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion/Objective: What are some factors that lead to recidivism of female juvenile offenders? The objective to this question is to find out whether sexual abuse and environmental factors lead to recidivism amongst girl juvenile offenders. These are two factors that have not been researched enough amongst juvenile offenders and can be addressed to help guide these girls to a better path in their lives. Recidivism: Recidivism is when a convicted criminal has the tendency to reoffend. It often results inRead MoreUnintended Consequences Of The State Prison System1010 Words   |  5 Pages state budget cuts, lowering prison over-crowding, and improving corrections are the underlying reasons for the policy shift. Although â€Å"county custody costs (county jail) may be somewhat lower than state prison costs, shifting the custody and supervision costs of selected offender groups to the county will only cut spending in state prisons,† and may fail to lower the overall costs of corrections in California (Owen Mobley, 2012, p. 47). Whereas the state prison system seems to be progressingRead MoreIncarceration Of The United States3014 Words   |  13 Pagesmany, as being â€Å"the land of the free.† Yet, the Unites States currently has the highest per capita prison population than any other country. The United States makes up only 5% of the world’s population and of that 5%, 25% of our overall nation’s population is currently incarcerated. A few factors that attribute to our high rates of incarceration include, sentencing laws: such as mandatory- minimum sentencing, lack of initial deterrence from crime, the war on drugs and the presence of recidivism. WithRead MoreLiterature Review : Recidivism Therapy Research1763 Words   |  8 Pagesssignment 4 Literature Review Recidivism Therapy Research Recidivism therapy research can be a very effective tool, in the combat of lowering rates of recidivism. The focus in cognitive functioning of prisoners can be a very useful in the way we treat repeat offenders. Research shows that changing the way people think about certain behaviors, while providing them with support systems lowers the risk of recidivism rates. We especially see this in the rates of young offenders. Which isRead MoreShould People Less Than Eighteen Years Old (Minors/Juveniles/Adolescents) Ever Be Tried and Sentenced as Adults?1516 Words   |  7 Pagessentencing youth criminals under adult justice system has been a hot topic of debate. Supporters of tough laws on insist the need to enforce harsh penalties to uphold justice. The practice of treating youth criminals as adults since the 1990s is a result of the steep rise in youth crimes. However, youth advocates argue that tough laws should not be applied to youth offenders anymore. The core issue of the controvers y is whether, because adolescents are biologically and mentally different from adults, theyRead MoreAmerica Should Not Afford For Nonviolent Criminals Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica cannot afford to continue incarcerating nonviolent criminals. Why reward offenders with food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and treatment programs at the taxpayers expense? Community supervision programs that require offenders to work to support themselves and their families make better sense. In addition, offenders should pay supervision fees, restitution to victims and court costs. Further, offenders on community supervision could utilize to addiction treatment programs and mental

Memo Reaching College Students Free Essays

Reaching College Students We have already noted that college students are frequent volunteers and can therefore be a fundamental help in the attainment of the firm’s objectives.   Being a non-profit making organization, the assistance provided by volunteers is fundamental to ensure that we provide the services that our firm was set for. Communication Strategies Promotional tools are usually adopted in order to convey a message to the targeted group. We will write a custom essay sample on Memo Reaching College Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now    However, in this case, our objective is not only to communicate the message but also to induce involvement in our activities by the college students we are trying to reach (Bellis M.).   It is of fundamental importance that the promotion adopted adheres to our corporate objectives. Promotional Techniques and Materials The promotional techniques and mediums should be ones that effectively reach the students.   In this respect I suggest advertising and public relations.   The correct advertising medium would be college magazines that are aimed to reach mass quantities of students (Kotler P. et al. 1999, p 773-776). With respect to public relations, we should also seek arrangements with college deans so that we can perform public relation lectures in which we outline our objectives and activities.   At this stage, applications should also be forwarded to interested volunteers. It is very important that the messages conveyed in the promotion mix try to reveal encourage students to volunteer by showing how much they can help.   We ought to try to evoke the kindness inherent in them. References: Bellis M. Marketing Plan for the Independent Vendor (on line). Available from: http://inventors.about.com/od/advertisingmedia/a/effective_marke.htm (Accessed 22nd March 2007). Kotler P.; Armstrong G.; Saunders J.; Wong V. Principles of Marketing. Second How to cite Memo Reaching College Students, Essay examples

Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior

Question: Describe about the Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior? Answer: Introduction There was a time when Information Technology was considered as a secondary function in the organization. With spread of technology, Information System has emerged as important business function. There was a time when Information Systems were used primarily by large organizations only. With time, the cost of Information Technology has reduced and today IT is being used by large as well as small organizations. Still today, small size companies do not find it easy to afford the high costs of Information Technology. One of the ways for small organizations to overcome the cost of Information Technology to use IT as a service through cloud computing. It can be said that cloud computing has emerged as a powerful way of operations in last decade or so. With the help of cloud computing even small organizations can use IT without installing hardware and software at their premises. Cloud computing involves deploying groups of remote servers and softwarenetworksthat allow centralized data storag e and online access to computer services or resources (Friedman, 2013). Clouds can be classified as public, private orhybrid. The companies like Google and Yahoo offer cloud solutions to end customers as well as individuals. In todays world, Google Mail is one of the best example of cloud computing. In the case of cloud computing the data of company would be stored in a shared server. With cloud computing the employees if the firm would get the access through a server that could be located anywhere. One of the disadvantages of cloud computing is that employees can face certain access management issues. The objective of this paper is to analyze and discuss the strategies for the resolution of employee access and identity management issues in a small IT organization dealing with Cloud computing. A brief organizational background and specific issues can be discussed as: Organizational background The organization is a small website development company by the name of ABC Web Development Company. The company operates in computer industry and it is into operations for last 20 years. The company is based out in Sydney and it has its presence in various parts of Australia. The company has small employee strength of 200 employees spread across its offices in Australia. The organizations used cloud computing as a service. The information of the organization is shared on a private and restricted cloud and only users with authorization can access the cloud. The objective of this research work would be to identify the access management issues for employees and develop the strategies to resolve these issues. The purpose, aims and specific research questions of this project can be discussed as: Purpose and Aims This research would be done only for ABC Company. This research would be used to help ABC to overcome the access management issues. In the current scenario all the employees have to perform double authentication before accessing the computer systems of the company. Not all the employees are comfortable with the current cumbersome process. The specific research questions for this research project can be discussed as: Identify all the access and identify management issues for ABC Company on their private cloud. Develop strategies and policies to overcome the identify management issues. Develop short term and long-term resolution strategies. Significance There has been a lot of work done in the field of cloud computing. The biggest benefit of cloud computing is that it helps organizations to save the cost. Theprocess of controlling identity, access and delivery of services was relatively simple when employees only had one desktop computer to log in to every morning. Unfortunately, that is no longer the case for most organizationsnow. ABC Company has a network of computer systems and the employees of the company would login into the network of the company and not just a computer system. Different computer systems of the company are on a single network and this network can be accessed through a cloud system. This research work would be most significant for small size and mid size companies. This research work should help the small companies, which want to make decisions about the use of cloud computing in their environment. This research work should be able to answer the doubts and issues of small companies who are anxious about the use of cloud computing. Project approach and design This project would include a mixed method of research. The mixed method of research would use a combination of both primary and secondary research. Any project is executed best when both primary and secondary research are used (McCalman, 2008). The primary and secondary research that would be used for this project can be discussed as: Primary research The primary research for this project would use the information that would be collected directly from the management and employees of ABC Company. As a part of primary research, two questionnaires would be developed. One of the questionnaires would be developed specifically for management and other questionnaire would be developed for the employees of ABC. The question in the survey would be both open ended and close ended in nature. The ratio between close ended and open-ended questions would be 80% to 20%. It is always good to use more of close-ended questions so that respondents find it easy to answer (Armenakis, 2007). The management of the company would be asked certain open-ended questions but it is better to avoid open-ended questions to employees of ABC. The questionnaires would be mailed to management and employees of the company through emails. The respondents would be asked to fill the questions and mail back. As a part of this research, a sample size of 100 participants would be considered. It would include 90 employees of the company and 10 people from management. A sample of the questions for management and employees of the company can be discussed as: Secondary research The secondary research for this research work would consists of study on Internet and other sources. The websites on Internet and online library would act as great source of information for this research project. It would be important to mention that secondary research would include studying only the reliable websites. Not all the websites on the Internet has genuine content. It is important to refer only the peer-reviewed journals (Seatter, 2014). The secondary research for this project would continue along with primary research. The secondary research for this research work would also include the literature review of vast literature. A brief literature review for this research can be discussed as: Literature review (Byrne Lynn, 2007) have highlighted the benefits of cloud computing for small and mid-size organizations. It is important that organizations must have both short term and long-term plans for the use of Information Technology. An important part of IT strategy of small organization is the emphasis on cloud computing. Along with the benefits of cloud computing, organizations must also focus on the risks of cloud computing. A risk assessment plan would help organizations to avoid the risks in short term and mitigate the risks in long term. (Stegmaier Sontagg, 2009) discussed the various resolution strategies for access management system for organizations that uses cloud computing. It can be said that employee involvement should be high in order to overcome the risks of access management issues. It is important that employees should be provided adequate training in order to help them to overcome the access and identification management issues. The support from senior stakeholders is also required to ensure that the issues of employees can be overcome. It is important that management should also develop a strategic plan to overcome the issues. The issues of access management and identification management can also bring in certain chain management issues. It is important that management should have polices and strategies to overcome the change management issues that may come up with access management and identification issues (Zhang Xu, 2011). Project Plan Any research work should starts with the issues identification phase. This phase should thought of a phase where the underlying issues to conduct the issues would be decided. The detailed project plan for this research work can be discussed as: Phase Timelines Comments Issue identification 2 weeks It would be the phase where issues would be identified and foundation of research work would be done Research objective and background 2 weeks It would be the phase where specific research objectives would be laid down and research questions would be formulated Primary research 6 weeks It would be the phase where the questionnaire would be emailed to participants Secondary research 6 weeks It would be the phase research would be done on Internet. This phase would start along with primary research and would end with primary research Data Collection 5 weeks It would be the phase in which data would be collected from various respondents Data Analysis 4 weeks It would be the phase where data would be analyzed. The tools like SPSS and Microsoft Excel would be used to analyze the data Research Output 3 weeks It would be the phase where research would be concluded and research output would be formulated Reporting 2 weeks It would be the phase where the results of the research would be made public. Risk assessment There would be various risks that would surround this research project. The risks for this project would include social risks as well as technological risks. Another important risk is the delay in the execution of the project or time slippage issues. A risk mitigation plan for different risk can be discussed as: Risk Probability Impact Mitigation strategy Timeline slippage (This risk would occur if the project plan is not followed) High Medium It is important there should be a check point at each of the milestone and a buffer should be added to the timelines Primary research risks (There is always a risk if the participants would provide true and unbiased information or not) Medium High It is important that data should be filtered to remove the bias and it is also important that simple questions should be asked to participants so that they can provide true information Secondary research risks (There is always a risk if some false information is collected from a website) Low Medium It is important that only reliable websites should be referred and only peer reviewed journals should be used as part of this research Legal risks (It is important that all the legal guidelines should be followed) Low Medium It is important that researcher should take the services of a legal council that would guide researcher Ethical risks (It is important that none of the unethical practices should be followed) Medium Medium It is important that researcher should remain motivated through out the research duration Ethics One of an important part for any research project is the ethical consideration. In this research project there would be ethical considerations form the side of researcher as well as from the side of participants. It is expected that the participants would show high ethical standards while answering the questions. It is important that the participants would not provide any false information. At the end of research, it is expected that he would not use the data and information for any other purposes. The information that would be collected with primary research would be kept truly confidential and would not be shared with any other individuals or agency (Frattini, 2011). It is important the researcher should sign the contract wherein he would be legally abided to not to share the data collection part. In addition, the personal information of the employees and managers who would participate in this research work would also be kept confidential. Communication The success or failure of any research work would not only depend on the way project is executed but it would also depend on the way the results of the project are communicated to the outside world. It is expected that a research project would be developed that would be shared with the audience (Schroth, 2008). It is important the researcher should consent with all the members of the research before publishing the research report. For this research work, a well-structured report would be developed as a document file. The document would also have a section of executive summary that would detail down the research results. In addition to a document, a small presentation using Microsoft PPT would also be made that would highlight the research work and research results in 10 slides. This presentation would be helpful for those who just want to get a high-level idea of the research. References Akgn, A. E., Byrne, J. C., Lynn, G. S., Keskin, H. (2007). Organizational unlearning as changes in beliefs and routines in organizations.Journal of Organizational Change Management,20(6), 794-812. Anderson, D., Anderson, L. A. (2010).Beyond change management: How to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. John Wiley Sons. Chiaroni, D., Chiesa, V., Frattini, F. (2011). The open innovation journey: how firms dynamically implement the emerging innovation management paradigm.Technovation,31(1), 34-43. Michaelis, B., Stegmaier, R., Sonntag, K. (2009). Affective commitment to change and innovation implementation behavior: The role of charismatic leadership and employees trust in top management. Journal of Change Management, 9(4), 399-417. Paton, R. A., McCalman, J. (2008).Change management: A guide to effective implementation. Sage. Oakland, J. S., Tanner, S. (2007). Successful change management.Total Quality Management and Business Excellence,18(1-2), 1-19. Walker, H. J., Armenakis, A. A., Bernerth, J. B. (2007). Factors influencing organizational change efforts: an integrative investigation of change content, context, process and individual differences.Journal of Organizational Change Management,20(6), 761-773. Feng, D. G., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z. (2011). Study on cloud computing security.Journal of Software,22(1), 71-83. Friedman, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Borning, A., Huldtgren, A. (2013). Value sensitive design and information systems. InEarly engagement and new technologies: Opening up the laboratory(pp. 55-95). Springer Netherlands. Poole, B. J., Sky-McIlvain, E. (2014). Education for an information age. Grabner, I. (2014). Incentive system design in creativity-dependent firms.The Accounting Review,89(5), 1729-1750. Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Sanz-Valle, R. (2008). Could HRM support organizational innovation?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,19(7), 1208-1221. Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Griskevicius, V., Becker, D. V., Schaller, M. (2010). Goal-Driven Cognition and Functional Behavior The Fundamental-Motives Framework.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 63-67. Lozano, R., Ceulemans, K., Seatter, C. S. (2014). Teaching organisational change management for sustainability: designing and delivering a course at the University of Leeds to better prepare future sustainability change agents.Journal of Cleaner Production. Schroth, H. A. (2008). Helping you is helping me: Improving students ethical behaviors in a negotiation by appealing to ethical egoism and the reputation effect.Negotiation and Conflict Management Research,1(4), 389-407. Talke, K., Heidenreich, S. (2014). How to Overcome Pro Change Bias: Incorporating Passive and Active Innovation Resistance in Innovation Decision Models.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(5), 894-907. Thom, J., Millen, D., DiMicco, J. (2012, February). Removing gamification from an enterprise SNS. InProceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work(pp. 1067-1070). ACM. Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). Adapting to change: The value of change information and meaning-making.Journal of Vocational Behavior,83(1), 11-21. Yuan, K., Le, V. N., McCaffrey, D. F., Marsh, J. A., Hamilton, L. S., Stecher, B. M., Springer, M. G. (2012). Incentive Pay Programs Do Not Affect Teacher Motivation or Reported Practices Results From Three Randomized Studies.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 0162373712462625.

Summary of In Custody by Anita Desai free essay sample

This is a novel about a small-town man, Deven, who gets the opportunity to go interview his hero, the great poet Nur, the greatest living Urdu poet. Having always loved Urdu poetry and missed the chance to be an Urdu language professor, he is charmed into going to Delhi the big city. Even though he shrinks at the idea of possibly being exploited by his sharp and selfish friend Murad, the dream of meeting Nur draws him on. So he sets off on a number of adventures on Sundays, the one free day that he should have spent with his wife and son. What Deven finds at his heros house is misery and confusion. Having sunk into a senile old age, surrounded by fawning sycophants, married to a younger calculating wife who wants to use his glory to win herself fame, Nur is not what he once was. Or perhaps he always was this. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of In Custody by Anita Desai or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deven, a shrinking and weak man, is somehow drawn to this old poet, wishing to help and protect him even as he cannot defend himself. Perhaps it is the tie of Urdu poetry that he remembers from his treasured times as a child with his father. In order to save the name and works of Nur for posterity, he decides to record his voice on tape for his small-town university. In the process Deven is exploited monetarily and emotionally, where Nurs family and hangers on demand money to keep themselves happy, Murad refuses to pay him for submissions to his self-proclaimed literary magazine. His wife Sarla is indignant at his time away, his fellow professors think he is having an affair in Delhi or push him to get a taping of Nurs voice. The saddest part is the result of the sessions. Drunk and encouraged by his admirers who follow him along to the sessions, Nur offers nothing new or novel.

Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essays

Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essays Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essay Defining Public Private Partnership Social Policy Essay The term public private partnership is a relationships between public and private sectors in the proviso of substructure and other services. Other footings used for this type of activity include private sector engagement ( PSP ) and denationalization. Public private partnership is a leasing agreement, a private company or a group of companies undertake to finance and construct an plus, and in some instances run the assets and supply a service associated with it, in exchange of one-year fee under a contractual understanding. These agreements are applied to assortment of assets including building of roads, edifice schools, infirmaries and besides supplying these services to the populace. At the terminal of the contractual period these assets are transformed to the authorities. A strong public private partnership allocates and reassign hazard between public and private entities. The public spouses in a public private partnership are authorities bureaus, including ministries, sections, municipalities, or state-owned endeavors. The private spouses may be local or international and concern investors holding proficient and fiscal expertness. Increasingly, public private partnership may besides include Nongovernment organisations ( NGOs ) and community based organisations ( CBOs ) who represent stakeholders straight affected by the undertaking. There are three stages of public private partnership. The Financing agreement The building stage The proviso of service by maintaining plus The three elements of ppp trades solved three jobs for the authorities. The Financing agreement postponed payment to future old ages. The building component based on a specification and public presentation contract, removed the job of the direction of capital undertakings from the populace sector. The on-going contracts transfer the job of running the plus to the company that provided them. The private finance enterprise was introduced in the Autumn statement in1992when Norman Lamont was Chancellor of the Exchequer of the treasury. Basically the thought was that alternatively of borrowing money for capital outgo the authorities must contract with private sector house to supply the service associated with a capital plus to pay a fee for them. The advantage for the authorities is that they would non hold to borrow the money and the capital disbursement is non considered as public outgo therefore maintaining borrowing and passing low in the twelvemonth in which the trade is enacted. MODELS OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP There are different signifiers of public private partnership that are widely used in a context to set up contracts. Following are the theoretical accounts of public private partnership. Service CONTRACTS Service contract is an agreement between public and private sector to transport out short term operational demands. It is a signifier of public private partnership in which private party operates, procure and keep an plus, while the direction and investing duty remain with the authorities or the public sector that bears the fiscal hazard. This contract is peculiarly for 1-3 old ages and public authorization delegate some activities to the private sector to run. Under service contract the private spouse receive fee for executing service from the authorities may be unit cost or one clip fee, hence he can increase net income border by cut downing runing cost. STRENGTH OF SERVICE CONTRACT Service contract provides normally a low hazard option for the private spouse, and the service to be performed is clearly defined in the contract. Service contract are for short term and has significant impact on the operation and efficiency of the system. It offers low barriers to entry that consequences in increased competition. WEAKNESS OF THE SERVICE CONTRACT If the aim of the contract is to pull capital investing so service contract is non suited, this contract may increase efficiency but the contractor is non bound and under duty to supply funding. The efficiency and effectivity of the contractor may be compromised if other funding beginnings like authorities and givers do non happen. MANAGEMENT CONTRACT It is a signifier of contract in which some or all of the operations and direction of the sector is handed over to the private sector, really the ultimate proviso of service remains with public sector but twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations and direction authorization is transferred to the private sector. the private spouse in most instances provide working capital but non supply farther investing. The public sector is responsible for investing and distinct maps and public presentation to be achieved by the private sector is predetermined in the contract. The illustrations include public-service corporation services, port governments and hospital direction etc. STRENGTH OF THE CONTRACT The major advantage of the contract is that efficiency can be achieved by affecting private sector without reassigning the ownership of plus. This contract is of low cost and requires fewer staff from private sector to execute an duty like public-service corporation services. WEAKNESS OF THE CONTRACT The chief hazard involved in the direction contract is that I may non supply extended authorization over labour force which is profoundly required in the positive alteration. The difference between the service and direction is slippery one. LEASING Contract Under renting contract the private spouse provide the service at his or her ain hazard and is responsible for supplying service under duty. The plus is retained with the private proprietor and at the terminal of the contractual period the plus is handed over to the original proprietor. The continuance of the contract is typically for 10-20 old ages. The duty of service proviso is transferred from public operator to the private operator and is responsible for the fiscal hazard of operation and care. STENGTH OF THE CONTRACT The net income of the private operator chiefly depends upon the sale and cost of public-service corporation. This contract provide an inducement for the private spouse to accomplish high degree of efficiency an sale of public-service corporation. The chief advantage for the populace sector is that the hazard of direction is transferred to the private proprietor. The private spouse does non supply investing but pay fee for the usage of plus. WEAKNESSES OF THE CONTRACT As the contract allows to bring forth gross from client payments here the inquiry of duty degree becomes sensitive. As the capital investing in the plus is the duty of the authorities so no private investing is mobilized. Concession It is a contract in which all the hazard of operation, direction, care and investing even the rhenium structuring is transferred to the private operator. The public presentation criterions are set by public spouses and guarantee that the private operator should run into these criterions. The public sector beside supplying service play the function by puting monetary values every bit good. The concessioner to bring forth gross roll up duty straight from the system users and the standards and regulations of the game are set by the authorities. The private spouse is responsible for the capital investing in the plus to construction and upgrade the plus, sometimes authorities besides supply aid in the investing of the plus to supply aid to the private operator. Concession contracts are typically for 25-30 old ages that provides a long clip period for the operator to retrieve the capital invested. STRENGTH OF THE CONTRACT For the public spouse or authorities the grant is of import in a sense that provide aid to pull private spouses to supply fund for the building of edifice or roads in the bing installations. Main advantage to the private operator is that he can accomplish high net income against the investing by accomplishing efficiency. WEAKNES OF THE CONTRACT The chief drawback is to specify the activities and duties of the private spouse in the contract. As the contracts are long term it creates trouble in command procedure. There is besides possibility that the private proprietor may put in the plus that have payback prevarications within the contractual period. Political hurdlings may besides impact the contract due to its long term nature. As the grant necessitate immense investing there are limited figure of rivals and operators for major substructure. Health SECTOR IN PAKISTAN Introduction Pakistan is confronting serious jobs in the wellness sector from the birth. The underdeveloped states are confronting terrible wellness jobs due to hapless public presentation of the authorities. Since 1947 three chief forces the armed forces, the politicians and the civil service are ruling the province. There remain the war for power and achieving domination. Donors have besides important function in the constitution and running of different sectors. After the war on panic Pakistan proved to b more of import for the remainder of the provinces and givers. Outside resources used for the state s wellness sector have reached to 3 of the entire outgos in the wellness sector. Government is responsible for the proviso of wellness attention installations because single market forces ca nt supply these services entirely on an just mode. As the fundamental laws are framed by the authorities therefore they are bound by the Acts of the Apostless to supply these services every bit to all. Furthermore the authoritiess have to take certain steps to command diseases and wellness attention activities in the province. Constitution of infirmaries, proviso of staff and medical specialties is the premier duty of the authorities of the province. Poor authorities determinations and high grade of corruptness, inefficiency and hapless control over the resources has lead to terrible epidemic status of wellness sector. For many old ages over75 per centum of wellness services are provided by private sectors. The provinces bringing of services is in crises in Pakistan, there coverage is in adequate and quality is non harmonizing to the criterion. An overview of the state s public presentation shows that as more than Rs.160 billion have been invested in the societal sector through different programmes but the status still ranks below the states of the universe. Major PROBLEMS OF THE HEALTH SECTOR REGULATORY ISSUES Inappropriate wellness activities in the state has increased the job for the population.pharmaceuticals companies working in the province are illegal.40 to 50 per centum of medical specialties produced in the province are forged. The weak authorities ordinances and hapless control over the pharmaceutical companies has lead to many abnormalities. The ultimate affect of these abnormalities proved in the signifier of bad medical specialties and the decease of the populace. Corruptness Corruptness remains the greatest chellange for the administration and there is a common perceptual experience that the corruptness is at extremum in the wellness sector. The most outstanding illustration of corruptness in Pakistan is noted through absenteeism of wellness forces and physicians. A really big figure of physicians are having wages but they are non executing their responsibilities in a right mode. They remain available in their private clinics but the authorities infirmaries remain empty. The other signifier of corruptness is through bear downing high fees from the patients, even medical specialty is supplied by the authorities, infirmaries belong to authorities but they even charge fees every bit good. Corruptness is besides common when the contracts are given to the contractors for the purchase of equipment and medical specialties for the authorities infirmaries. With the consent of high functionaries the contractors by low quality equipments and even expired and forged medical specialty for the infirmary that lacks behind the utile life. The drugs and medical specialties are stolen from the shop and sold in the private market ensuing in a deficit of medical specialty in the public facilitation infirmaries. The procedure of licencing pharmacies is backed by payoff. In fact every sector and through the hierarchy about every one is involved in one and another manner in corruptness. RULE OF Law Rules of society are really low in Pakistan.these jobs are due to hapless contract public presentation and hapless judicial system and due to ill equipt public presentation agents. Pakistan has a really weak system to turn to medical carelessness that finally affects consumers. There are no equal policies available for the protection of hapless patients. In the developed states the patients can action the physicians and medical practicians in here carelessness but in Pakistan people due to hapless background and attack ca nt take even their right to be medicated. These in adequate Torahs have affects on the consumers. INAPPROPROATE GOVERNMENT HEALTH SERVICES Government is a symbol of rightness and is responsible for the preparation, execution and rating of quality societal and wellness programmes. The major job in Pakistan remained the proviso of hapless quality of wellness direction and services. The choice criterion of authorities infirmaries is really hapless in Pakistan that encouraged the private sector to come frontward and take the charge.70 per centum of the users are non satisfied with the medical specialties and even the staff of the infirmary. Undertaking planning is the sphere of the planning committee and the ministries are responsible to rent different programmes for the development of the wellness sector and the territory authoritiess have to set about the waies of the provincial section and implement the programs. CASE STUDY REGARDING THE REFORMS IN THE HEALTH CARE An effort was made for doing reforms in the wellness attention though a private enterprise in a little town LODHRAN in the Punjab state, after recognizing the fact that the authorities sponsored wellness attention system can non carry through the demands of the populace and the experiment was made in 1999 to re engineer the procedure for primary wellness attention ( PHC ) . This reform was initiated in coaction with a public sector NGO, National Rural Support Programme ( NRSP ) that run three BHU s on behalf of District Administration. This experiment was although on little footing but proved successful. However the success of the plan compeled the provincial authorities to take and originate the plan as the Chief Ministers Initiative on Primary Health attention ( CMIPHC ) . District Rahim Yar Khan was chosen as a pilot territory for the undertaking, whose Nazim Mayor extended political every bit good as administrative support for the plan. Footings of partnership was signed between the territory authorities and PRSP for five old ages period on 15th April 2003. On subscribing the contract PRSP was given a complete fiscal every bit good as administrative authorization of 104 BHU s in the territory. The PRSP has to run these BHU s under the bing budget restraint. One physician posted to each bunch. If he was oversing 3 BHU s so was paid Rs.30,000/ in instance of oversing 2 BHU s he received Rs.24,000/ per month. This salary bundle was higher than that paid by the provincial authorities. The physician was besides allowed to have Rs.100000/ loan to purchase a vehicle for himself, and was allotted residential installation in the distant country where there was a job of abode. The physician was merely responsible for the overall care and record of BHU s under his/her supervising. PRSP has addressed the job of absenteeism of female medical officers in the rural countries successfully. Due to some societal restraints females in the rural countries were hesitating to confer with male physicians so the presence of female medical officer was indispensable to salvage female parent and kid. In the same manner no female officer was willing to work in a distant country so many attractive bundles were offered to them to decide this job. She was paid up to Rs.37000/ per month and can have an involvement free loan of Rs.150,000/ for the purchase of a auto. Although the Lodhran theoretical account was home adult theoretical account of wellness attention due to its efficiency and important impact it was implemented on a big graduated table to supply wellness attention installations to more than 25 million people. AFFECTS OF THE MODEL This undertaking reduced absenteeism up to negligible extant. Efficient wellness attention installations were available on a big graduated table even in rural countries. De centralisation in direction reduced the affect of corruptness at the upper degree. BHU ; s in the rural countries become functional that were closed due to absence of physicians. As the undertaking was once more handed over to the territory authorities and with in a twelvemonth the BHU retained the old place and the consequences were black. This diagram shows the affect of palatopharyngoplasty on wellness sector that how the figure of visits went up in the infirmaries when organized by PRSP and in the same manner went down when handed over to the authorities. HOW TO DEAL WITH POOR HEALTH SECTOR OF PAKISTAN It is apparent that public private partnership is the indispensable manner to get by with any hapless on the job section or sector. However the authorities should take certain necessary stairss to supply efficient wellness installations to the populace at their stairss. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE HEALTH SECTOR Private sectors move frontward because of authorities in efficiency to run any sector decently, still in wellness attention public private partnership is ill developed. The authorities should promote the function of givers and civil society to the wellness attention. Private partnerships should be made to convey efficiency and transparence in the wellness attention. Private houses should affect to run the system and to supply wellness attention installations to all sectors of the province and hapless populace on an just footing. INTRODUCE TRANSPARENCY Corruptness is a root cause of the jobs of wellness attention and the bing state of affairs of the wellness sector. The whole sector is under the control of corrupt supervisors, there is a desperate demand to convey transparence and to put up a system through proper planning and execution of procedure. Transparency can besides be achieved through reforms in the wellness sector. Government may implement reforms and may present private spouse to take over the duty of keeping and runing the wellness sector. CREATE CHECK AND BALANCE IN THE HEALTH SECTOR Efficiency can besides be achieved through making proper cheque and balance system in the wellness attention, by back uping to the wellness commissions and communities. Measures must be taken to develop community engagement. Weak cheque and balance in any sector can impact the efficieny of that sector and contribute to the down autumn more efficaciously.

Critically discuss crowdfunding as a source of funding for technology Essay

Critically discuss crowdfunding as a source of funding for technology ventures - Essay Example The European commission is presently dedicated towards releasing the potential of crowdfunding in the European Union, with the aim of enhancing the longer-term funding of enterprises and encouraging innovation (EOS Gallup Europe, 2005). Technology ventures have been on the rise lately, particularly due to high public technology interest; these ventures rely on scientific and technological advancement, selection as well as development of new products, assets or their attributes (Berger & Udell, 1998:1). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make up a vast proportion of all the new jobs creations, with start-up companies introducing new ideas or processes of production that revolutionize ways of doing things. In the European Union, SMEs are considered to be non-subsidiary, autonomous businesses that employ fewer than 250 employees while in the US, SMEs entails firms with less than 500 workers. SMEs have gained increased attention in the previous years, as a result of their massive growth that has been attributed to the increased access to financing (Berggren, Olofsson, Silver, 2000). According to Grant Thornton, a guest speaker from Les Ross, SMEs get most of their funding from banks; given that SMEs account for the greatest number of businesses and jobs in the European Union (Kira, 2013), the commission projects that crowdfunding has the capacity to promote economic growth and job creation. This paper critically discusses crowdfunding as a potentially alternative source of funding for technology ventures, with particular attention given to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The global crowdfunding industry has experienced massive growth over the years, especially with the rapid growth of internet resources (Deakins & Freel 2012, p.9). By 2013, this industry had been estimated to be worth over $5.1 billion. The concept

Cultural Identity Narrative Rubric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Identity Narrative Rubric - Essay Example Since the name of this dish combines two completely different and complimenting meals, some may be confused whether it is a rice like cake or cake like rice or both! Rice and cake don’t even serve the same purpose in a traditional feast, with the former being the main course and the latter being the sweet dish or the dessert that is to be served after the main course. In this sense, the name makes it sound like a dish that has mixed the main course with the dessert, that is quite insane to happen. I have resolved to discuss the Korean rice-cake for two main reasons; first, my father owns a Korean rice-cake company that was previously run by my grandfather and his father even before him. So this company has yet served three generations of my family. Secondly, I want to solve the mystery of its name that I am sure many would like me to do. Along the way, I shall tell you what it is, why it is popular among the Koreans and how to cook it. I shall also briefly discuss my future pl ans of making this dish a specialty of our company. Rice-cake is an umbrella term for a variety of foods made in rice that are given a compact form so that they look like a compact pastry. So it is basically a main course meal that looks like a piece of cake. It is not actually a cake! Rice-cake recipes are made from rice. Rice may be boiled or fried with vegetables. It is pretty much usual rice we eat but when the scattered rice are compacted, it does not only improve their texture but also enhances their aroma and taste. It makes the rice convenient to eat and elegant to present. Rice-cakes have a variety of benefits. They are energy boosters, low in calories, large in fiber content and great to the taste. Rice-cake is one of the very few things I can recall from the days of my earliest childhood. I was only three years old when my father established a small rice-cake company. He started the business from a little shop in the corner of the market that was visible from the window o f my room. Our apartment was just across the road. That shop paid my father off really good. Savings of the first month were ten times as much as what my father would save in a whole year before that. My father would often take me along while going to the shop. The aroma of fresh and tender rice still mesmerizes me. I was too little at that time, so my father’s friends and coworkers used to cuddle me. In their attempt to associate me with my father’s business, they would call me rice names. â€Å"Rice cake, son of grains and Korean food† were some of the names they would call me. It has always been an honor to be associated with rice since it has brought such a profitable business to my father. I am generally a reluctant eater, though saying â€Å"no† to rice-cake is impossible. I have grown up with this food. If there is one thing I am made up of, its rice-cake. It looks good, tastes good, smells good, feels good, what else can one want in a meal? When I was only a hundred days old, my family arranged a party, called ‘Doljanchi’, for me. It is a traditional Korean celebration of a child’s hundredth day after birth. â€Å"The number 100 has an inherent meaning of maturity and perfection, signifying a baby passes through perfection period safely as a human being† (Life in Korea, n.d.). This day has special meaning in Korean culture, and some people believe that it is the time, God answers the parents’

How have Laptops Shaped our World?

How have Laptops Shaped our World? Bilal Irfan The invention of the laptop is one of the most remarkable innovations that has occurred in our modern world. A laptop is a little, convenient personal computer, that is portable and suitable for use during different occurrences including traveling. After the development of a personal computer on January 1st, 1971, engineers and scientists wished to on such a technology, and by the start of 1981, the first laptop known as Osborne 1 was released. Laptops have impacted society and shaped our world in numerous methods that we have only just started to discover. It is difficult to think back and say who invented the laptop. The idea of a computer can be dated back to when individuals utilized math device to do redundant count in 300 B.C. After more than 2000 years of enhancements, a mechanical computer was developed in the twentieth century, which played out a couple capacities and was immense in size. In 1968, the first laptop known as the Dynabook was developed by Alan Key. It didnt get much consideration since it couldnt perform many errands and was not very helpful. However, it made the stage for an imaginative development that would change the world. A decade later, in 1979, William Moggridge made the clamshell notebook computer, the Grid Compass 1100. Though these initial  developments and designs faded out, only a few years later in 1983, the first device or machine to be marketed as a laptop was sold, Gavilan SC. Shortly after, rivaling companies emerged that improved and perfected the technology, leading to our present day laptops . Laptops have extraordinarily affected the world. Two decades prior, who could have imagined that we would convey our very own personal computers with us wherever we go? They are a standout among the most helpful and affecting creations of the 21st century. Some time recently, one had to be in an office or at home with a desktop to complete work or peruse the web. Now, one can be outside, in a coffee shop, or wherever and still have the capacity to work. Additionally, students can learn and take notes all the more successfully in class now because of the laptop. Even in day to day things, laptops come as a convenience and save a load of time such can be seen in transportation. Airways, Roadways and waterways use laptops to control their operation. It saves time and relieves the severity of traveling difficulties. Other utility facilities like Electricity, Water, Agriculture, etc. are more sophisticated and improved by laptop influence. Laptops also serve a vital role in the medical fi eld, as patient data and medical information is stored inside of a laptop. Despite the fact that the laptop is an extremely imaginative and valuable innovation, it has its faults. Laptops are difficult to upgrade. In this way, when one purchases a laptop he or she is stuck with it for 3-4 years after which the laptop begins having issues. By then the laptop ought to be replaced. Since the moment laptops were invented, a world of new ideas, inventions, and ease was opened up. Yet, along with the many benefits of a laptop, there are evident and harmful drawbacks. Laptops and their relative ease to carry around and use whenever free has resulted in addiction for some users. According to the University of Stanford, 160 million American use laptops on a general day to day basis, with 5.9% of them believing that relationships suffered due to excessive internet use. Laptop addiction has resulted in various health issues including but not limited to shoulder cramps, vision fatigues, pain in the neck. Government agencies have started programs and invested money into researching about laptop addiction, and finding solutions to the problem without reducing the positive impact of laptops on society. In China, the government started a 3 week summer camp program where children are exposed to nature and wilderness, away from any laptops. This has resulted in a positive imp act on the childrens lives, enabling them to understand the dangers of laptop addiction and how to stay away from it. Laptops are one of the most revolutionary and useful items we use in the 21st Century. They have made our lives more convenient and easier. One can work, surf the internet, and carry out various other tasks almost any place you go. There are many advantages to having a laptop, however, everything has its disadvantages as well.   The advantages include its portability and convenience. Its disadvantages are that some of its features are not as strong as a desktops such as processor speed and memory. There has been great progress made in the computer industry which has led to the laptops of today and it continuing to be made. Laptops have a very bright future with many useful and innovative designs and versions to come. Laptops continue to impact our lives and society till today, and further advancements will only improve upon that impact.   Ã‚   Works Cited Admin. Computers How They Have Changed Our Lives. Technology News Reviews Information about Mobile Computers Software Electronics. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Computers and Their Impact. Computers and Their Impact. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Lopol.org. Computers and Our Life: How Have Computers Changed Our Life? | Lopol.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Maliki-liki. Laptops and How They Have Changed the World. Laptops and How They Have Changed the World. N.p., 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

How Does Harper Lee Portray Atticus Finch as a Good Parent?

Mufasa, the father of Simba, from Disney’s The Lion King is a perfect example of many desirable qualities. Whenever Simba needs someone to comfort him, Mufasa knows what to do to make Simba feel better. Likewise, when Simba acts out of hand, Mufasa knows when he should reprimand Simba and when Simba is just being a goofy cub. Mufasa comes off as strong, brave, wise, patient and, most importantly, a model of a respectable parent. Just like Mufasa, Atticus Finch also possesses many desirable qualities such as patience, understanding, and bravery.In TKaM, Harper Lee uses the character of Atticus Finch to illustrate the qualities of good parenting. Atticus realizes that losing his temper with Jem and Scout over small incidents is not part of the qualities of good parenting because, throughout TKaM, he does not lose his patience with his children. While on the other hand, there is suspicion that Bob Ewell does the opposite by beating Mayella Ewell, his daughter. From the beginning itself, Harper Lee makes it clear, through a conversation between Miss Maudie Atkinson and Scout, that Atticus does not treat his children like Bob Ewell does.Miss Maudie explains to Scout that most people have split personalities; one for at home and one for in public. Scout cuts her off by saying, â€Å"Atticus don’t ever do anything to Jem and me in the house that he don’t do in the yard† (46). Scout defends Atticus because she gets into trouble quite a lot, but, even then, Atticus would never lift a finger against her or Jem. Not only does Atticus rarely ever have a fit over Jem and Scout, but he also can maintain his composure and patience with them. Scout, like most young children, always wants her opinions heard until she either receives an explanation or has her way.An example of this would be Scout’s first day of school where she finds herself frustrated from her teacher constantly reprimanding her. When she gets home, Scout recaps the day for At ticus and tells him that her teacher does not want Atticus to read with her at home. She channels her anger by complaining about her distaste for school while Atticus patiently hears her out and replies by calmly saying, â€Å"If you’ll concede the necessity of going to school, we’ll go on reading every night just as we always have. Is it a bargain? (31) Atticus could have easily lost his temper with Scout, but, instead, he appealed to her interests. This shows that Atticus likes to make his children happy and that, as a parent, he knows when he must be angry, and when he must show compassion. Showing Atticus as a father who does not lose his patience with his children over silly things is just one of the many ways that Lee portrays Atticus as a good parent. Atticus wants Jem and Scout to grow up with good morals, and one way he does this is by exposing them to an important quality, bravery.An example of this is when Atticus goes against the townspeople’s belie fs by accepting the case of Tom Robinson. This results in negative comments towards Atticus’ family, and his children have to put up with it. One insult from Mrs. Dubose makes Jem so mad that he destroys her Camilla bushes, and his punishment is to read to her for a month. Old and addicted to morphine, Mrs. Dubose wants to try to overcome her addiction before she dies. Sadly, Mrs. Dubose passes away shortly after Jem’s punishment ends and, in an attempt to explain why he made Jem read to Mrs.Dubose, Atticus says, â€Å"†¦I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea the courage is a man with a gun in his hand†¦Mrs. Dubose won†¦ She was the bravest person I ever knew† (112). Atticus, as a respectable parent, wants Jem to see that true bravery is facing up to life’s problems and fixing them in the best way possible. In the same way, Atticus shows his children the meaning of bravery when he turns the other cheek to Bob Ewell. Even though Bob Ewell has won the case, he wants to make his distaste for Atticus clear.So Bob Ewell spits in Atticus’ face and says that he will get him, even if it takes him the rest of his life. The children hear of this incident through Miss Stephanie and are concerned about Atticus’ safety. When they question Atticus about it, Atticus does his best to comfort them by saying, â€Å"We don’t have anything to fear from Bob Ewell, he got it all out of his system that morning† (218). Knowing that Atticus, their parent and example, can be brave at a time like this gives Scout and Jem the encouragement to let go of their worries and not let the tension in town affect them.Lee has Atticus expose his children to true bravery through Mrs. Dubose and Bob Ewell to show that Atticus does have good parenting qualities. Through Atticus Finch, Harper Lee illustrates the qualities of good parenting in TKaM. Such as when Scout explains to Miss Maudie that Attic us would never raise a finger against either her or Jem because he does not act differently in public than at home. Also, when Scout whines, Atticus does his best to please her because he understands that losing his temper will not help the problem.In addition to that, Atticus exposes his children to true bravery through Mrs. Dubose by showing them to face up to their problems. In the same way, when Atticus turns the other cheek to Bob Ewell, he teaches his children to be brave and not let anything negative affect their lives. Atticus Finch, just like Mufasa from The Lion King, is a patient, wise, and brave father, and he definitely does portray the qualities of admirable parenting.

Analysing the impact of Chinese FDI in Africa: A case study of Nigeria and Ghana.

INTRODUCTIONResearch ProblemThe proposed research aims to examine the effect of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Ghana and Nigeria in order to perform a cross-country analysis of the respective impacts of such investments in these countries. Ghana and Nigeria share a number of similar characteristics, which make for a useful comparison, as it is posited in this study that the similarities between the two African countries will allow for a cross-national comparison of the impacts of Chinese FDI in these countries. The results of the analysis will be used to make recommendations on how Ghana and Nigeria should make appropriate use of China’s FDI to achieve development in these countries. Analyzing the impact of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria has been the topic of some academic research. However, previous studies have focused on the individual relationships between these African countries and China (SWAC/OECD, 2011). With the rapid changes in the global investment environment, especially in light of the global recession, it is essential to identify the key determining factors of FDI inflows to Ghana and Nigeria, in order to analyze the impact of these FDIs in this region. Although economic growth has been specified as a developmental goal in this region, academic research exploring the nature of the economic relationship between China and Ghana / China and Nigeria suggests that the influx of FDI into these developing economies may have the effect of retarding the overall development in these countries, as it prioritizes the exploitation of natural resources over essential developmental goals (Oyeranti, et al., 2010).Aims and ObjectivesThis research has two main goal s. First is to assess the impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria in order to conduct a cross-country analysis of their respective economic relationships. Second is to analyze the overall impact of Chinese FDI on the development of these countries. In order to realize the primary goals of this study, the following objectives have been identified: To establish a theoretical framework for analyzing the impacts of FDI in developing countries, specifically within the context of countries in the West African which have abundant natural resources To construct a theoretical framework for measuring the impacts of FDI in Ghana and Nigeria, taking into consideration the differences in economic development and investment climate. To determine the factors influencing the economic relationship between China and Ghana / China and Nigeria, and to analyze these in terms of the established framework. To compare and contrast the respective impacts of Chinese FDI on Ghana and Nigeria in order to draw conclusions regarding how to manage and improve their relationshipsResearch QuestionsA set of research questions has been formulated based on the main goals and objectives of the study. These questions help to guide the study by ensuring that the analysis stays focused on the primary research subject. Below are the research questions for this study : What are the determinants of FDI impacts in African countries and how are these measured What are the specific impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria How do these impacts correlate with the determinants identified in question 1 To what extent are the impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria comparable What cross-country recommendations can be made in order to ensure that developmental goals and positive determinants of FDI are achieved in both countriesBackground informationDue to rapid globalization and the growing interdependence among countries, FDI has been recognized as one of the most significant means of international capital transfers. Over the years, FDI has grown to be an essential component in the economic development of many nations (Benacek et. al., 2000). Morgan (2003) and Johnson (2005) have highlighted the beneficial impacts that FDI can provide to a host country. These include: (a) generating additional resources such as capital and technology, to help boost the level of domestic outputs and deliver better, more affordable goods and services; (b) outflow of human resources, management practices and technologies from foreign firms to domestic businesses , which enables the host country to improve their operations and competitiveness; and (c) increased involvement of the host country in transnational markets, such as foreign exchange market and international trade. Due to the economic growth and welfare that FDI brings to the host country, this investment is preferred by most developing countries because it offers a faster way to achieve a more advanced level of economic development. However, FDI presents a lot of risks for investors. Due to these risks, countries are compelled to offer tangible incentives, as well as to put supportive regulation and systems in place to draw investors. Unfortunately, most developing nations frequently neglect to build an incentive system for foreign financiers (Botric & Skuflic, 2005). Consequently, the bulk of FDI is offered to developed countries such as the US, Germany, and Belgium (UNCTAD, 2011a). Traditionally, investment relationships in Ghana and Nigeria are established with European and American investment partners, as these countries are the primary sources of FDI, trade, and financial and technical aid. These relationships involve a number of bilateral and regional agreements with Nigeria and Ghana. Despite the many years of economic relationships with these countries, there are still differing opinions as to the impact of these investments on the development of Ghana and Nigeria (Tsikata, et al., 2010). FDI in Africa has been increasing steadily since 2002 with approximately $53 billion worth of FDI in 2007, representing an increase from 2006 of 47.2%. This increase was the highest recorded level of FDI in Africa at the time. With the global recession, the percentage of global FDI into Africa has experienced a significant decline from 3.2% in 2006 to 2.9% in 2007. Since then, however, the African economy has proved resilient, growing to over $61.9 billion in 2008, and the rate of return on FDI in Africa since 2004 has grown to 12.1%. In addition, mergers and acquisitions in Africa have risen by approximately 157% to $2 billion in 2008 (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). Investment in Nigeria and Ghana by Chinese investors has grown substantially since 1971 as a result of the complementary nature of their economies. Chinese investment in Ghana has been growing consistently in the previous decade with significant increase seen from 2004 to 2005, representing $3.09 million and $17.87 million, respectively. Research indicates that the Chinese share, as a percentage of total investment by China in Ghana, implies that FDI is increasing (Frimprong, 2012). Investment by the Chinese in Nigeria reveals a similar situation, as Chinese FDI grew twice as much between 2003 and 2005, increasing from $3 billion to $6 billion. Ghana and Nigeria lack significant investments in infrastructure that is needed to support the development required to result in measurable economic growth. To this end, China has developed a successful and competent construction industry, coupled with the ability to provide Nigeria and Ghana with the requisite capital needed to drive this infrastructure development (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). In this way, the flow of investment into Ghana and Nigeria is complementary due to the nature and needs of the respective economies. However, the Chinese industrialization drive and the subsequent inflow of FDI into China’s economy has led to rapid growth in the manufacturing sector, which entails the use of oil and mineral inputs that are overwhelming China’s internal resource capabilities (Ibid). As a result, China is looking to developing nations such as Nigeria and Ghana to supplement their energy resource requirements to support their growing economy. Consequently, the relation ship between Chinese FDI inflows into Ghana and Nigeria are being described as exploitative and as having an upsetting effect on the Western development goals that have been set for the region (Tsikata, et al., 2010). This negative perception about China’s interest in Nigeria and Ghana are due to the fact that the oil and gas sector accounts for more than 75% of Chinese investments. This implies that China seeks to exploit Nigeria’s natural resources. This further suggests that Chinese FDI in Nigeria is a relationship prone to exploitation and is potentially damaging to the developmental goals of the region (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). Despite these negative views, Chinese FDI in Nigeria and Ghana has not been focused solely on the exploitation of natural resources. Chinese FDI has actually helped to achieve significant growth in the manufacturing and services industry in both countries (Frimpong, 2012). The investment climate in Africa has become significantly more attractive as a result of the considerable efforts to liberalize investment regulations and offer incentives for FDI. The result, however, has not been as positive as originally intended due to significant concerns over the economic and political stability of the region. LITERATURE REVIEWFDI definitionThe analysis of relevant literature has shown that there is not one universally recognized definition of FDI. Nevertheless, the various definitions of FDI do not differ considerably. FDI is commonly perceived as either a real phenomenon or a financial phenomenon (Moosa, 2002). Within the perspective of a financial phenomenon, FDI is defined as: A kind of transnational investment transfer; wherein FDI is the outcome of variations in interest rates between two economies, because the country with higher interest levels is more appealing for foreign businesses An external supply of funding for the national economy ? FDI shows the influxes of foreign investment into the nation within a certain timeframe, which is indicated in the balance of payments A means of reducing and eventually eradicating poverty through FDI-driven economic growth in developing countries, and in Africa, specifically in light of United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) (Asiedu, 2006) However, when FDI is considered exclusively in financial terms, there seems to be an underestimation of the degree to which FDI is related with a varied array of production elements. Among the most crucial non-financial inflows are managerial skills, expertise, and technology. This implies that although financial flows seem to a main component of FDI, it is not necessarily the leading element. Furthermore, according to Moosa (2002) a distinctive characteristic of FDI compared with other kinds of international investments is its function in directing management policies and decisions. As such, describing FDI as purely a financial phenomenon appears to undervalue this aspect. A more inclusive definition of FDI that is mostly acknowledged by other international organizations (e.g. IMF, Eurostat, UNCTAD) is proposed by OECD. According to the OECD (1999, p.7), FDI ’reflects the aim of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity of one economy (direct investor) in an enterprise that is resident of another economy (direct investment enterprise).’ The term ’lasting interest’ refers to the formation of a long-standing association concerning the investor and the direct investment establishment This also involves important impacts on the management of such enterprise. A direct investor is ’the owner of 10% or more of ordinary shares or voting stock‘(OECD, 1999, p.8). The IMF recommends applying this requirement of a minimum 10% ownership to differentiate direct investment vis-a-vis portfolio investment through shareholding. Based from this perspective, a direct investor can be any of the following entities: (a) individual, (b) group of associated individuals, (c) government, (d) incorporated or unincorporated company, private or public, and (e) group of associated companies, incorporated or unincorporated. The entity has a direct investment establishment situated in a country that is not where the direct investor resides (Duce, 2003). Direct investment enterprise can have any of the subsequent forms: Subsidiary ? a direct investor controls greater than 50% of the voting power allocated to shareholders. Controlling the shareholdings can be done either directly or indirectly, via a different subsidiary. The direct investor has the authority to secure or terminate members of the Supervisory Board or Management Board. Associate Company ? a direct investor owns between 10 to 50 % of the voting power allocated to shareholders. Likewise the control of shareholdings can be done either directly or indirectly. Branch ? a direct investor is also the owner of an unincorporated establishment (whole or joint ownership) in the host country. This can be in several forms, such as a joint venture, an unincorporated partnership, or a permanent office for the direct investor. This may also be in the form of fixed/immobile equipment, movable equipment, property, or constructions located in the host country (OECD, 1999). Choosing a specific kind of direct investment business also depends on different considerations, the most significant of which is the present law in the host country (Duce, 2003). In considering the impact of Chinese FDI in Ghana and Nigeria, it is useful to consider the form of investment that FDI takes, with regard to the respective economies. Based from preliminary research, it is clear that Chinese FDI in Nigeria is significantly higher than its FDI in Ghana, when compared to one another. Considering the high concentration of FDI in the oil and gas sector, it is possible that the economic relationship between Nigeria and Chinese may be contradictory to the developmental goals and overall well-being of the country. Whilst Chinese FDI in Ghana is seen across a variety of sectors such as aluminum, iron ore, manganese, alloy, timber, waste materials, cocoa beans, cotton linters, and frozen fish (Rahman, 2012). This indicates that the overall impacts of Chinese FDI in Ghana may be more attuned to developmental goals, compared to China’s relationship with Nigeria.FDI determinants – Theoretical ApproachAs FDI became a focal point in the current global economy, researchers have attempted to describe the conduct of multinational firms and FDI determinants through the proposal of different theories. Adam Smith (Concept of Absolute Advantages) and David Ricardo (Theory of Comparative Advantages) had originally discussed FDI as a feature of international trade. Smith and Ricardo proposed that countries should focus on producing goods where they can offer a cost advantage (i.e. absolute advantage for Smith; comparative advantage for Ricardo). The surplus of goods generated by a country is intended for export. Simultaneously, the country imports goods that it cannot produce domestically because it lacks cost advantages for their production (Sen, 2010). The theories of Smith and Ricardo are the foundations of current views on FDI. Therefore, these will be considered in the design of the theoretical framework. Heckscher and Olin linked international trade and with the benefits brought by the factors of production. Thus, a country must focus in producing final goods of which the raw materials are reasonably plentiful in the country. Conversely, the country is recommended to import the basic components of goods that are in limited supply. This theory regards FDI as a component of transnational capital movement. FDI flows are seen amongst economies and are described by various capital concentrations. Countries that are well-off in terms of capital transfer their production to countries that have abundant labor supply. This is characterized by more returns to capital and lesser returns to labor. This process continues till labor and capital are equalized in the countries involved (Benacek et al., 2000). While these theories were able to associate FDI with labor costs and higher rates of investment returns, these were unable to completely rationalize FDI phenomenon (Assuncao, 2010). As such, th ese will not be fully utilized in the creation of this study’s theoretical framework. Another FDI theory is given by Kindleberger (1969), who presumes that direct investment can be cultivated in situations where market shortcomings or government interferences exist. In this context, particular economies produce commodities in which they can demonstrate a comparative advantage; while other products are exported because the country cannot produce them efficiently. Thus, the relationship between FDI and trade can be either substitutable or complementary. Kindleberger’s (1969) theory is applicable to the context of Ghana and Nigeria because of its considerations of market imperfections and government interventions. These will be helpful in explaining some aspects of the theoretical framework. Obstacles to commerce may affect FDI in two contradictory ways. On one hand, high trade barriers tend to boost FDI because these result in high export costs. This contention stresses the location advantage aspect of FDI. In contrast, high trade barriers are a hindrance for the parent company, especially in situations with high levels of trade with associated firms. Other researchers have also discussed the relationship between FDI and trade openness (Balasubramanyam et al., 1996) and majority of studies find a positive association among these variables (Benacek, 2000). Dunning (1993) combined the components of Trade Theory and the Theory of the Firm. Based on the OLI model, Dunning (1993) classified FDI determinants into three groups. These are: (a) Ownership-specific advantages such as technology and know-how; (b) Location-specific advantages including market size, transport costs, etc.; and (c) Advantages that are particular to internationalization, wherein the firm supposes that selling of ownership advantages to third parties is not as lucrative as internally employing these advantages. Moreover, Dunning (1993) came up with the Investment Development Path based from the findings of his study. This framework identified five stages in the development of a country. These stages have a substantial effect on FDI inflows (Gorynia et al., 2005; Benacek et al., 2000). These stages of development will be one of the components in the theoretical framework; thus, this study is important to this research project. The institutional approach presents a different perspective on the subject. Root & Ahmed (1978) and Bond & Samuelson (1986) suggested that the environment, where the enterprise conducts its operations, is unpredictable and unsure. Thus, the firm’s decisions will be greatly affected by institutional forces (i.e. regulations and incentives). However, in actuality, government policy defines the options that are presented to a company and which influences the firm’s decisions regarding FDI, licensing, and exporting (Assuncao, 2010). The role of government in FDI is another aspect which will be explored in the theoretical framework. The institutional approach will be part of this analysis. Last but not least, it is beneficial to consider Ozawa’s (1992) study, which connects the patterns in developing countries with Porter’s theory of a country’s competitive advantages. According to Porter, there are four groups of attributes that can be applied to a country. These are: (a) factor conditions; (b) demand conditions; (c) firm strategy, structure and rivalry; and (d) related and supported enterprises. These have an influence on the nation’s competitiveness (Smith, 2012). Ozawa argues that the foreign investment received by developing countries, which are mainly allocated to labor-intensive sectors, results in a process of learning and technology purchase. It aids developing economies to raise their competitive advantages and thus, push the economy onward along the various stages of development ? moving from the fundamental factor-driven stage to the innovation-driven stage. This is described by an increasing external FDI (Ozawa, 1992). The discu ssion on competitive advantage is again a major component of the theoretical framework which will be the outcome of this research. As such, the study by Ozawa (1992) presents some arguments that are crucial to the discussion of this research.FDI determinants – ClassificationDunning (1998) identified four groups of FDI motives. The first two groups of motives are features of the initial stage of FDI, while other groups are related to sequential FDI (Gorynia et. al., 2005). Resource Seeking – the firm intends to obtain specific resources at less costs than in the local/national market Market Seeking – the firm intends to operate in a specific overseas market because of its size or anticipated growth. The firm builds a global strategy for the foreign market, or reduces the expenditures related to serving a certain market from a neighboring facility instead of from outside the country Efficiency Seeking – the firm intends to justify its production, distribution, and marketing (Gorynia et. al., 2005, p.65) Strategic Asset Seeking – the firm seeks to extend its strategic goals; for instance, supporting their competitiveness in international markets Clause (1999) and Calderon et al., (2002) categorized FDI determinants in two groups: (a) ‘Push factors’ or investor’s intentions to position capital/investment overseas: (b) ‘Pull factors’; or country-specific determinants, also referred to as location determinants. These factors influence the decision of the investor to find capital in a specific country. Additionally, pull factors are political, including growth estimates, or the country’s system of rules/regulations and rewards/incentives. The authors also highlighted other pull elements in the case of transitional economies. These include the process of privatization and the intensification effect, in which a direct investment results in other direct investments (Vita and Kyaw, 2008). Lastly, UNCTAD (2011a) segregated FDI determinants into three categories: (a) policy framework such as economic and political stability, competition policy, etc.; (b) business facilitations, including the costs of business operations, investment motivations, etc.; and (c) economic determinants such as market growth and infrastructure. Although these determinants help to ascertain the overall desirability of the country, the significance of specific groups differs depending on the sector and entry modes. The various FDI determinants will be explored as components of the theoretical framework. These will be investigated to find out which FDI determinants are applicable to the Ghanaian and Nigerian context.Investment Climate in Ghana and Nigeria – A Comparative AnalysisAttracting increasing amounts of FDI has been a significant priority of Ghana’s government when developing and reforming economic policy. The Ghana Investment Advisory Council (GIAC) was formed with the help of the World Bank and is comprised of local and multinational companies and institutional observers from around the world. The aim of the GIAC is to ensure the removal of any regulations, which may discourage FDI in the country. The GIAC, however, does not have regulatory power over the natural resources sector, but does regulate investment in all other sectors, such as banking and other financial institutions, telecommunications, energy and real estate (Tsikata, et al., 2010). The most beneficial eleme nt of the investment climate in Ghana is that there is no general economic or industrial strategy aimed at discriminating against foreign owned business or subsidiaries, but conversely there are incentives offered if the projects are deemed critical for national development. Prior to 1995, Nigeria was considered one of the most unsuitable countries in Western African for FDI due to a combination of considerable restrictions and unsuitable investment climate ? the result of social, economic, and political tensions that continue to plague the country. In 1995, however, Nigeria changed the investment climate substantially by opening the economy to FDI and reversing these severe restrictions. The Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC) was created to manage the approval of business licenses and motivations to improve the investment climate. All restrictions on limits in foreign shareholding were also abolished in order to promote and facilitate FDI. According to current Nigerian investment law, 100 % foreign ownership of firms is allowed in every sector, with the exception of the petroleum sector. In this sector, investments are restricted to existing joint ventures or new production sharing contracts (Oyeranti, et al., 2010). This, however, is not n ecessarily a restrictive provision specific to Nigeria, since production sharing contracts have become a modern way of ensuring that ownership over natural resources is held by the host nation. It is evident, therefore, that both the Ghanaian and Nigerian investment climates are conducive and receptive to FDI from China. In determining the potential impacts of these investments on the economies of the country, it seems evident that there is a need and desire for large capital investments. At the same time, there is the need to stay in control of their natural resources, namely oil and minerals, which has resulted in the only restriction on FDI in the respective economies. The crucial difference between the two countries is the vast superiority of Nigeria with regards to their oil resources and the far-reaching effects that this has had on the country as a whole. This factor must, therefore, be critically considered to assess the impact of Chinese FDI in the country.Chinese Interest in West Africa – FDI AnalysisChina provides an ideal investment partner to African countries and is often more beneficial to the host nation that traditional investment partners for a numb er of reasons, including fewer demands on the host country in exchange for investment, fewer conditions for assistance, offered assistance at lower rates of repayment and lower interest rates, and offered training for technical and professional personnel in doing so (technology transfer) (Renard, 2011). Historically, the interest in Africa from the Chinese perspective has been primarily based on the need to supplement their own natural resources, with the rapid development of their manufacturing industry necessitating a significant amount of resources far outweighing any domestic production in China itself and with an abundance of these resources in West Africa, China sought to increase their investment in and trade participation within the region. In 1987, China exempted raw materials and other components due for re-export from custom duties which bolstered their international trade with African countries as being a significant source of these products and raw materials (Renard, 20 11). With the Chinese accession to the WTO, the protectionist barriers were further removed and this served to increase trade even further. Trade in components is therefore a significant part of Chinese interest in West Africa, as well as raw materials in exchange for consumer products with low capital intensity with a commitment to moving towards more technology-intensive products. In addition to the trade investment in West Africa, diplomacy in the region has focused on bilateral agreements with African governments. In 1994, the Exim Bank (China Export-Import Bank) was founded to encourage Chinese exports and FDI in Africa, with a specific focus on improving the infrastructure (Wang, 2007). On the other hand, China Development Bank (CDB), also established in 1994, opened the China-Africa Development Fund to assist Chinese FDI distribution into Africa, through the financing of Chinese firms looking to invest in the region. Finally, SINOSURE (China Export and Credit Insurance Corporation) provides these firms with insurance and protects against the risks associated with Chinese exports and foreign investment (Renard, 2011). These banks have a less risk-sensitive profile than most private banks in traditional Western investment partners, making them more willing to encourage to investment in often high-risk African countries, including Nigeria. The opportunity to invest in Africa by Chinese firms is as a result of the long-standing history of trade relations and supported by less risk-sensitive banks. These banks aim to encourage FDI in West African countries in order to sustain and potentially increase trade relations with the Chinese economy. With many of the major players in the Chinese economy being state-owned (as a result of the prevailing political regime), there is a significant interest in encouraging FDI with these West African countries due to China’s desire to sustain its high economic growth. This supports the main assumption of this research that China’s FDIs into Ghana and Nigeria are exploitative in nature. Because China’s desire to sustain its economic growth as the main driving factor for its FDI, there is a lot of suspicion that Chinese state-owned investors will not care about the long-term effects of FDI, especially as it focuses on extracting natural resources and raw materials fro m Ghana and Nigeria. METHODOLOGYResearch PhilosophyThis study applies the positivist philosophy, based on the presumption that experiment and observation are highly significant in perceiving human behavior. According to this philosophy, the world can be understood in a rational way. This approach focuses on analyzing facts and seeks to understand connections; reduces experience to simple components; and tests formulated hypotheses. It usually produces qualitative data, which seeks to be unbiased and precise (Saunders et. al., 2009).Research ApproachThis study is empirical and it acknowledges the significance of gathering and utilizing data, to achieve precise and clear conclusions. Inductive and deductive research approaches will be employed in the study. The deductive approach is described as highly structured. Theories of FDI motivations are first presented, since they are especially relevant to the Chinese FDI climate. Next, the relevance of these theories to both Ghana and Nigeria is discussed through the analysis of empirical data. An inductive approach is observed throughout the gathering and examination of empirical data from trustworthy sources. From this perspective, the researcher analyses the data obtained by others, which has been integrated with the research procedures. Given the research objectives, this study has an explanatory quality . Explanatory research aims to explain if there is an association among two or more variables of a specific incident or phenomenon. The aim of this study is to ascertain whether there is an association between FDI inflows from China to Ghana and Nigeria using a framework for the measurement of these impacts based on economic, political or social factors which may be influenced by foreign investments.Data Collection ProcessPrimary and secondary data will be gathered to analyze the possible impacts of FDI inflows from China. Selected economic indicators will also be analyzed using multiple regression analysis. This research will examine the following economic indicators: GDP growth rates; GDP per capita; inflation rates; employment rates; unit labor costs; trade balances (represented as a percentage of GDP); foreign exchange rates; Corporate Income Tax Rates; percentage of people with higher education; developmental goals identified by the host country and other international bodies, and public spending on higher education. The data that will be used in this research will be taken from several different secondary research sites. Data sources are national statistics, scholarly publications, UNDP, IMF and the World Bank, as well as any other directed research that is seeking to understand the relationship between Chinese FDI and its impacts in Ghana and Nigeria countries.Limitations of ResearchThe current research is limited to the extent that Ghana and Nigeria are compatible in conducting the comparative analysis. The main concern is that the vast difference in the oil dependency of these two countries will lead to a number of conclusions, which are not compatible with one another, due to the fact that the Nigerian economy revolves around oil production. It is reasonable, therefore, to think that the application of this theory to Ghana may lead to conclusions or recommendations for improvement, which cannot be applied to the Nigerian context due to its resource dependency and the influence of the social, political and economic climate. In order to mitigate this limitation, the researcher aims to look specifically at the dependence on natural resources (mineral and oil) in the Ghanaian economy in order to ensure that this factor is given sufficient consideration in reaching the conclusions of this theoretical research.Secondary PublicationsPublished secondary resources will also be utilized in this study. These sources discussed FDI determinants from a general perspective and presented global outflows of FDI from China. These also analyzed the general determinants of FDI impacts in Africa as a developing region, with a specific focus on Ghana and Nigeria, and compared these impacts against one another to determine recommendations for the improvement or mitigation of FDI impacts. The application of secondary data in addressing the objectives of this research will add to the overall clarity of the research. Secondary data will be gathered by studying documents from various sources, su ch as international organizations and statistics offices. Other materials are peer-reviewed articles, research papers, books, and other scholarly publications. These will aid in recognizing and incorporating the most relevant literature within the context of the main research questions.Limitations of Secondary SourcesThere are some limitations in using secondary sources. One limitation is that it involves the possibility of incurring knowledge gaps. This refers to the occasions when researchers are unable to find the specific data they are looking for. Moreover, data might be outdated or is not relevant to the research problem. Furthermore, the researcher might find contradictory points of view in the secondary data, which will result in confusion and ambiguities. To lessen these kinds of risks, the researcher will seek the advice and guidance of academic staff specializing in this research subject regarding suggestions on literature. The researcher will also come up with a comprehensive list of international databases of FDI to find the most current data.Data AnalysisThe data analyses that will be applied in this research are comprised of four important steps. Data will be arranged in a rational way. The arrangement of primary and secondary data is based on the selection process (based on the researcher’s judgment). Data will be sorted into three categories. The categories are as follows: (a) Theoretical application of FDI in a Chinese context; (b) Ghanaian and Nigerian investment climate and context; (c) the relationship between Chinese FDI and the Ghanaian and Nigerian political, social, and economic factors. Data will then be analyzed using a number of qualitative research techniques. Results will be organized in terms of theoretical FDI themes identified in the initial research. DISSERTATION PLAN Below is the Gantt chart for the dissertation. This outlines the main activities that will be conducted for this research. Project TasksStartDuration Task 1: Writing the research proposal05 Task 2: Writing the project plan55 Task 3: Conducting the literature review1014 Task 4: Gathering of secondary data247 Task 5: Creation of theoretical framework3120 Task 6: Analysis of the data5114 Task 7: Writing the final research report6514 Note: Start – Represents the number of days from the start date of the research project Duration – The number of days required to complete the task REFERENCES Asiedu, S. (2006) Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: The Role of Natural Resources, Market Size, Government Policy, Institutions and Political Instability. United Nations University Publication [online] Available on: http://www.people.ku.edu/~jbrown/virus.html [Accessed 1 April 2013] Assuncao, S., Forte, R. and Teixeira, A. (2011) Location determinants of FDI: a literature review. Porto: FEP. Benacek, V., Gronicki M., Holland, D. and Sass, M. 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